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| "Elizabeth Watkins" ewatkins25 | Re: Women in the Navy | Mon, 20 May 2002 22:19:45 +0000 |
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NOW HEAR THIS!
You have probably all seen this already, but I found it when searching for
the title of the book. I thought it was pretty interesting.
Beth
Women in the Navy
History and Firsts of Women in the Navy
1776
First American armed ship named for a woman, but not Continental or U.S.
Navy. Lady Washington (row galley, a small wooden river gunboat) built 1776
by New York State to defend Hudson River, named in honor of Martha
Washington. Remained active, under General Washington's command through June
1777.
1811
A Navy surgeon recommends that nurses be included among personnel at Navy
hospitals.
1812
First record of women at sea -- War of 1812, U.S. ships logs show women
serving as contract nurses for War of 1812.
1858
First armed ship named for a woman to serve with US Navy. Harriet Lane
(Revenue Cutter) named for niece of President James Buchanan, who served as
Buchanan's White House hostess. The ship was ransferred to Navy 1858, later
returned to Revenue Cutter Service. Transferred to Navy when Civil War
began, 1861; captured by Confederates at Galveston Jan 1863. Not returned to
Government service after end of war.
1862
Sisters of the Holy Cross nurses serve onboard Navy's first hospital ship,
Red Rover. Additionally, during the Civil War, women raise money to
commission ships like the Red Rover and Daniel. Bloomer (Sternwheel river
steamer) apparently former named retained) Named for Amelia Bloomer,
feminist. Captured from Confederates 1862; served in USN 1863-65.
1898
Spanish American War -- More than 1,500 Civilian and Red Cross Corps is
established.
1908
U.S. Navy Nurse Corps is established on May 13. The first 20 nurses (in
reality, the first women in the Navy) report to Washington, D.C., that
October. By the end of World War I, numbers had escalated to 1,386. Women
worked transport duty overseas (England, Ireland, Scotland).
1913
Navy nurses serve aboard the transports USS Mayflower and USS Dolphin.
1916
The Naval Reserve Act of 1916 allowed for enlistment of qualified "persons"
for service. Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels (his assistant was
Franklin D. Roosevelt) asked, "Is there any law that says a Yeoman must be a
man?"
On March, 19, 1917, the Navy authorized the enlistment of women. Designated
as "Yeoman" they unofficially became known as "yeomanettes." On the first
day of draft registration, female "seasoned veterans" of two months were
processing paperwork of the male draftees. All the women were assigned to an
old tug, USS Triton, and had (F) added to their name. There was no boot
camp. In addition to Yeomanettes, they were also referred to as Yeoman (F),
lady sailors, and Yeowomen.
When the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, there were 11,275
yeomanettes in the Naval service, with some 300 "Marinettes" in the Marine
Corps. During this time, assignments included recruiting, bond duties,
general clerical work, production in ammunition factories, designing
camouflage, drafting, translation, and radio operation. While most were
stationed in Washington D.C., some were stationed in France, Guam, and
Hawaii. Men and women at that time earned $28.75 per month, the beginning of
equal pay.
1918
Armistice ... demobilization. Women had veterans benefits. Women in the Navy
were an overwhelming success. The role played by Navy women in the war
effort helped gain the passage of the 19th Amendment. Service as patriotic
and faithful citizens had earned them the right to vote.
1920
Nurses serve aboard the first ship built as a floating hospital, USS Relief
(AH-1).
1930
Economic conditions created an unlimited pool of young men, resulting in no
serious plans to organize womanpower.
1938
Naval Reserve Act allows for enrollment of qualified women.
1942
Public Law 689 (Naval Reserve Act of 1938) amended July 30, signed by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt to include the Women's Auxiliary Reserve,
later known as the "WAVES," for Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency
Service. More than 27,000 women were on active duty in the Navy at this
time. Wellesley College President Mildred McAfee, selected to lead the new
Women's Reserve, was sworn in as a Lieutenant Commander on August 3, 1942.
That same year, authorization was passed for women to hold the rank of
Captain, and McAfee was promoted to that rank.
WWII training in conducted at Smith College for officers and Hunter College
for enlisted. More than 86,000 women were on duty on V-J Day.
Day-to-day operation of Navy is supported by WAVES.They filled traditional
roles, such as in administrative and medical ratings, and non-traditional
roles such as rigging parachutes, instructing men in free and fixed gunnery,
instructing pilots in celestial instrument navigation, aviation instrument
repair (so new they had to construct their own instruments), air traffic
control, aircraft mechanics - machinist mate - repairing every type of
combat aircraft.
V-J Day - Navy recognizes accomplishments - keeps women on active duty
During WWII, 81 nurses, including Navy nurses, were taken prisoner by the
Japanese on Guam and in the Republic of the Philippines.
First instance of USN assignment of woman's name to naval vessel. Sacagawea
(YT-241, harbor tug), name assigned to tug acquired by Maritime Commission
for Navy use. Acceptance canceled; vessel retained by Maritime Commission.
No Navy service. Pocahontas (harbor tug YT-266).
Elizabeth C. Stanton (AP-69), troop transport named 20 Aug.
Florence Nightingale (AP-70), transport named 20 Aug.
Mary Lyon (AP-71), transport named 20 Aug.
Dix (AP-67), transport, named for Dorothea Dix 20 Aug.
Susan B. Anthony (AP-72), transport named 20 Aug.
1944
Watseka (YT-387), harbor tug named for Pottawatomi woman.
1945
First warship named for woman by USN; first USN ship so named to take part
in combat operations. Higbee (DD-806), Gearing-class destroyer. Named for
Lenah S. Higbee, Superintendent of Navy Nurse Corps 1911-1922. Served in
Fast Carrier Force.
1947
The Army-Navy Nurses Act (Public Law 36-80C) establishes the Nurse Corps as
a permanent Staff Corps of the Navy and the Army. It also authorizes
permanent commissioned rank for nurses.
1948
On June 12, President Harry Truman signed Public Law 625, the Women's Armed
Services Integration Act, abolishing the Women's Auxiliary Reserve and
making it possible for women to enter the U.S. Navy in active or reserve
status. Although women were achieving great success, it was not without
restrictions. Women could constitute no more than two percent of the total
force. Officer numbers were limited to ten percent of that two percent.
Promotions above O-3 were capped. The URL Director of the WAVES served as an
O-6, but that was only as long as she filled that billet. No flag rank; 10
USC 6015; Women could serve as General Unrestricted Line officers only.
1950
Women in the Naval Reserve are recalled along with their male counterparts
for duty during the Korean War.
1952
Women are accepted for commission in the Medical Service Corps.
1953
Women in the Hospital Corps begin serving on board hospital ships and
transports carrying dependents.
1967
Public Law 90-130 amended 10 USC. This eliminated the two percent ceiling on
enlisted women. Additionally, it largely equalized officer promotion flow
and opportunity to the grade of captain.
Vietnam: a few Navy women in country. Nurses serve aboard the hospital ship
USS Sanctuary (AH-17).
1972
Equal Rights Amendment was passed by Congress. Captain Alene Duerk, NC,
Director of the Navy Nurse Corps since 1968, spot promoted to Flag rank
(first female Flag officer). The name WAVE is dropped as an official title.
The pilot program for assignment of women to ships initiated in USS
Sanctuary (AH-17). Limited entry into all ratings was authorized for
enlisted women. Staff Corps and Restricted Line opened to women. Pending
change to Navy Regulations, suspended restrictions regarding women
succeeding to command ashore was authorized.
Hospital Corps male/female detailing combined.
CNO's (Adm. Elmo Zumwalt) Z-Gram 116 directs:
no separate management of men and women
command opportunity
authorized entry of enlisted women into all ratings
completed the opening of all staff corps to women
integrated male/female detailing
NROTC opened to women
1973
Secretary of the Navy announce authorization of aviation training for women.
The first female flight surgeon was designated. The first woman was selected
for flight training. Major Command Screening Board began screening women.
Women Officer School disestablished; Officer Candidate School (OCS) training
is opened to men and women combined. Pregnancy rules are established.
1974
First woman commissioned through NROTC. Navy became first service to
graduate a women pilot.
1975
Women were assigned to service craft (e.g., tug boats). Congress authorized
admission of women to military academies. Fifteen sea intensive ratings
closed to women. The Navy begins screening URL women for CDR, CO, and LCDR
Executive Officer billets ashore.
1976
First women URL officer, RADM Fran McKee, is appointed flag rank. Women were
admitted to the U.S. Naval Academy. Women began to attend Aviation Officer
Candidate School. Eighty-seven of 102 ratings open to women.
1977
Navy sponsors amended Title 10 USC Section 6015 to allow permanent
assignment of women to noncombatant ships.
1978
Congress approved change to combat exclusion law to permit Navy to assign
women to support and non-combatant ships, putting the Women in Ships program
into force. Surface Warfare and Special Operations communities opened to
women. First woman, SKCM Margaret I. Gramlich, assigned to a Command Master
Chief billet ashore.
1979
Naval Flight Officer (NFO) program opened to women. First woman qualified as
Surface Warfare officer. First woman Naval Aviator obtained carrier
qualification. A new career plan was established/promulgated, leading to
major command/flag for general URL women.
1980
U.S. Naval Academy graduated its first female officers. First woman was
selected for the LDO program. The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act
(DOPMA) is passed.
First woman commanded training command (CAPT Roberta Hazard).
1981
First woman qualifies as Enlisted Surface Warfare Specialist. Jet training
pipeline opens for entry of five women per year.
1982
First woman selected for Test Pilot School. Women are permanently assigned
to Diego Garcia. By June, 193 women officers are on board 30 ships, and
2,185 enlisted women are on board 37 ships. RADM Pauline Hartington was the
second woman line officer to be appointed Rear Admiral.
1983
First woman SWO screened for XO afloat. First woman, Commodore Grace Hopper,
was spot promoted to Flag rank in the Restricted Line. More than 5,700 women
served as Navy officers (8% of the Navy's officer strength) and more than
37,000 enlisted women comprise 8% of the Navy's enlisted ranks. Due to their
combat relationship, only two officer communities, Submarine and Special
Warfare, and 13 of 100 enlisted ratings remain closed to women.
1984
First Unrestricted Line (URL) woman, RADM Roberta Hazard, was selected for
flag rank. General URL Study revised career pattern and conducted major
review of 1000/1050 billet coding. All Operational Air Reconnaissance (VP)
squadrons are opened to women.
1985
DoD increased Navy's enlisted woman goal to 51,300. First woman Special
Operations officer was assigned as Executive Officer (XO) afloat. OP-01
approves changes to OP-01W to be collateral duty Captain with access to
OP-01. First woman assigned as Naval Station XO.
1986
First Recruiting District has women as both CO and XO. First woman Surface
Warfare Officer (SWO) assigned as XO afloat. Assignment of women to Military
Sealift Command replenishment ships authorized. Navy reduces its goal for
enlisted women from 51,300 to 46,796.
1987
Reduction in 1986 goal for enlisted women in the Navy rescinded.
Cohen/Proxmire Bill (S-581) proposed amending Title 10 USC Section 6015 to
allow women to be permanently assigned to Combat Logistics Force ships.
First woman was assigned as CO of an NROTC Unit. SECNAV directed Study Group
on Progress of Women in the Navy. DACOWITS issues a report on the findings
from its Western Pacific trip. NAVOP 65 announces a change in women's
sea/shore rotation policy. First woman screens for command of an aviation
unit. SWO/General URL detailers separated.
1988
First woman was selected for command at sea. First woman Navy astronaut was
selected.(LCDR Kathryn Sullivan, USNR). Twenty-four Combat Logistics Force
(CLF) ships open to women.
1989
First woman assigned Command Master Chief at sea. First woman executive
assistant to CNO.
1990
First woman commanded Naval Station (CAPT Marsha Evans). First woman assumed
command of aviation squadron (CDR Rosemary Mariner). First woman assumed
command of ship (LCDR Darlene Iskra).
1991
2,600 Navy women participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.
The second woman assumes command at sea. (CDR Command - 1110). December
1991: As a part of FY-92 Authorization Bill, 10 U.S.C. 6015, amended for
women aviators; creation of the Presidential Commission on the assignment of
women in the Armed Forces. DoD policy to delay implementation of combat
exclusion law change pending results of the Presidential Commission. Second
woman became executive officer of aircraft squadron.
First woman director Senior Enlisted Academy (NCCM Ginger Simpson).
First woman brigade commander, U.S. Naval Academy (MIDN Julianne Gallina).
First Surface Warfare Officer assumed command of ship (CDR Deborah Gernes).
1992
First woman assumed command of reserve ship (LCDR Barbara Scholley). Second
female commander (1110 and 1310 assumed command (CDR Jeanne Miller - USS
Merrimack, CDR Linda Hutton - VRC 40). FFT's open to women. The first woman
was assigned as Director of the Senior Enlisted Academy (NCCM Ginger
Simpson). First woman selected for NASA Space Program.
1993
Secretary of Defense opened combat aviation to women aviators. Navy opens
enlisted aircrew positions in shore-based combat squadrons, 2nd, 3rd, and
7th Fleet Afloat Staffs, and AORs, AOEs, LCCs, and AGFs. The first woman
aviator to serve with a combat squadron was LCDR Kathryn Hire, who joined
VP-62. LT Shannon Workman was the first woman pilot to night-landing qualify
on a carrier. LCDR Janet Marnane was the first woman to report to a CAG
staff.
Six additional ratings opened to enlisted women (Aviation Anti-Submarine
Warfare Operations, Electronic Warfare Technician, Fire Controlman, Gas
Turbine Technician, Gas Turbine Technician-Electrical, and Gas Turbine
Technician-Mechanical) and four additional classes of ships opened to women.
Transition board approved 17 female officers for transition to combat
aircraft. First two women reported to tactical squadron. Combat Exclusion
Law repealed by FY-94 Defense Authorization Bill. Five more ratings opened
to enlisted women based on combat exclusion law repeal.
Two women selected by same selection board for admiral (CAPT Patricia Tracey
and CAPT Katharine Laughton). First three women aviators selected for
promotion to CAPT (CDR Jane Odea, CDR Hutton and CDR Mariner). First woman
aviator reported to combat squadron (LCDR Kathryn Hire, USNR, NFO, VP-62)
First two women reported to a tactical squadron (LT Shannon Workman, pilot
and LT Terry Bradford, NFO, Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 130). First
woman to command Navy Recruiting Command (RADM Marsh Evans). First woman
assumed command of a Naval Base (RADM Wilmot). Two women to complete a
deployment aboard a combatant (LTJG Russell, LTJG Schweinfirth; TAD 179 days
aboard USS Fox (CG 33).
1994
First women to receive permanent assignment orders to a combatant (USS
Dwight D. Eisenhower) as members of the ship's crew (RM1 Terry Pelletier
first to receive orders, CDR Debra Straub, LCDR Ann Davies, LCDR Nora Tyson,
LCDR Linda Vanaria, CDR Cathy Osman, and LCDR Wendy Lawrence).
First woman nuclear power candidate Mary R. Henson). First woman combat
pilot to successfully pass fleet carrier qualifications (LT Shannon Workman
in an EA-6B Prowler). First woman to be frocked Gunner's Mate (Guns) 3rd
class (Maria A. Chavez). First combatant to embark a mixed-gender Light
Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) helo detachment (USS Vella Gulf). First woman
to assume command of a Naval Reserve Readiness Command (REDCOM 22) (CAPT
Susan Brooker).
1995
USS Abraham Lincoln deploys to Western Pacific with mixed gender crew. First
large deployment of women on combatant complete. USS Dwight D. Eisenhower
completes a successful deployment to Mediterranean with approximately 400
women assigned.)
First woman Intelligence Specialist to be placed for independent duty on
surface combatant (IS1 Robin Sou - USS Briscoe). First woman Seaman to
Admiral graduates (ENS Donna I. Coccodrilli, ENS Nancy I. Schmidt), assigned
to Newport, R.I., for SWOS. First woman to complete Submarine Engineering
Duty officer qualification, eligible to wear "Dolphins" (LCDR Mary
Townsend-Manning).
First woman to complete training in the T-45 Goshawk, the Navy's newest
training jet (LTJG Kirsten Culler, after landing aboard USS Carl Vinson).
First woman to assume command of a Naval Air Station (Key West) (CAPT Linda
V. Hutton).
Benfold (DDG 65), the Navy's seventh Aegis destroyer, was delivered to the
Navy in a ceremony at Ingalls shipyard on 4 Dec 95. Benfold is the first
U.S. Navy ship to be built from the keel up with habitability modifications
necessary for full integration of women into her crew.
1996
The guided missile destroyer Hopper, DDG 70, commissioned on Saturday,
January the 6th at Bath Ironworks in Bath, Maine. Named after Rear Admiral
Grace Murray Hopper who was one of the pioneering spirits in the field of
computer technology, and led the Navy into the computer age. She first
retired in 1967, then called back to active duty and retired a second time
in 1986. She died in 1992. This is only the first time since World War II
and the second time in the Navy's history that a warship has been named for
a woman from the Navy's own ranks.
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